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Objective:To review and summarize the main problems that have occurred in the history of manned spaceflight worldwide and the experience of the medical rescue support for astronauts at the main landing site since the first manned spaceflight mission of the Shenzhou-5 in China in 2003, focus on the technical status and return characteristics during the construction of the space station since the Shenzhou-12, and formulate a targeted injury treatment plan to ensure the safety of astronauts.Methods:This article summarized the lessons of accidental injuries of astronauts in foreign aerospace history, especially in the space station stage, combined with the experience of medical support of astronauts in manned spaceflight in China, and put forward a series of organizations, plans and treatments according to the mission characteristics of long-term orbits and adjustments of the main landing sites of space station mission spacecraft.Results:On the basis of the original pre-cabin emergency and helicopter ICU comprehensive rescue platform, the emergency procedures were further optimized, and the treatment plans under different complex terrains and the principles of rapid treatment and evacuation of astronauts were formulated.Conclusions:The effective treatment of astronauts returning from the space station in various situations could be ensured by the comprehensive rescue plan for the medical rescue of the space station mission and the construction and organization of the helicopter rescue platform.
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Objective:Summarize the experience of the medical rescue team at the main landing site of China's manned space mission, analyze the new characteristics of the Shenzhou 12 space station mission, and take corresponding countermeasures and measures to ensure the strong medical rescue guarantee for astronauts.Methods:Search the publications about astronaut medical aid domestic and abroad, summarize the rescue and medical aid experiences from Shenzhou 5 to Shenzhou 11. In consideration of prolonged on-orbit time, Location adjustment of the landing site and the new characteristics of the complex terrain, new targeted strategies were presented.Results:The astronauts flew in orbit for 90 days, and the main landing site and launch site are in the same area. The medical security includes three parts: launch section, running section and return section. Desert rescue model were added. Ten injuries were simulated and each injury first-aid procedure was standardized.Conclusion:After targeted improvement and optimization, the Shenzhou 12 astronauts medical rescue support program ensures the safety of the whole process, all-weather and all-terrain emergency and rear delivery of the astronauts in the new mission environment and complex terrain.
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Se presenta este artículo de revisión con base en la evidencia científica actual sobre medicina espacial enfocada en fisiología humana y sus contramedidas. Por lo cual se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica no sistemática de artículos científicos y libros de investigación en inglés-español de los últimos 7 años, que detallan su aplicación en seres humanos, modelos murinos y experimentos in vitro. Se tomaron en cuenta las condiciones del ambiente espacial como microgravedad y radiación que producen considerables cambios fisiológicos en el sistema cardiovascular (redistribución de líquidos, remodelación cardiovascular, arritmias); nervioso (sensitivomotores, neurosensoriales, neurovestibulares); respiratorio (cambios de volúmenes y capacidades); renal (litiasis); musculoesquelético (atrofia muscular, osteoporosis); hematológico (anemia); inmunológico (desregulación inmune) y digestivo (alteración de la microbiota intestinal). Además, existen procesos biológicos, moleculares y genéticos aún por explorar, para conocer y mitigar los mecanismos inciertos desencadenados en ambientes extremos y peligrosos. Por lo tanto, es una prioridad desarrollar e implementar contramedidas para reducir los efectos nocivos en la salud, con el objetivo de garantizar la adaptación, seguridad y performance del astronauta durante futuros viajes espaciales.
This Review Article is presented based on current scientific evidence on space medicine focused on human physiology and its countermeasures. Therefore, a non-systematic bibliographic search of scientific articles and research books in English-Spanish of the last 7 years was carried out, detailing their application in humans, murine models and in vitro experiments. The conditions of the space environment such as microgravity and radiation that produce considerable physiological changes in the cardiovascular system (redistribution of fluids, cardiovascular remodeling, arrhythmias) were taken into account; nervous (sensorimotor, neurosensory, neurovestibular); respiratory (volume and capacity changes); renal (lithiasis); musculoskeletal (muscular atrophy, osteoporosis); hematological (anemia); immunological (immune dysregulation) and digestive (intestinal microbiota disorder). In addition, there are biological, molecular and genetic processes still to be explored, in order to know and mitigate the uncertain mechanisms triggered in extreme and dangerous environments. Therefore, it is a priority to develop and implement countermeasures to reduce the harmful effects on health, with the aim of guaranteeing the astronaut's adaptation, safety and performance during future space flights.
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As an effective physical training method to improve the explosive power of athletes, plyometric training(exercise) has made great contributions to the physical training of Chinese Olympic Teams.However,the way this method is used for astronaut onboard training and the maintenance of human body strength is not yet clear enough.There is no training program or system of astronaut onboard training currently available that uses this training method in China.Based on the analysis of related researches at home and abroad, this paper comprehensively and systematically expounds the principles of plyometric training and research related to athletic performance.The view that this method is used for astronaut onboard training is also proposed innovatively in this paper.The aim of this study is to expand the field of physical training for astronauts and provide reference for the training of weightlessness protection in the field of aerospace in China.
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Objective To ensure the medical security of the astronauts,new targeted strategies were adopted after summarizing the experience in Chinese astronauts rescue and medical aid at the main landing site,the specialty and characteristics of landing were analysied.Methods Search the publications about astronaut medical aid domestic and abroad,summarize the rescue and medical aid experiences from Shenzhou 5 to Shenzhou 10.In consideration of prolonged on-orbit time,the cold weather conditions at the landing zone of Shenzhou 11,new targeted strategies were presented.Results On the basis of the original helicopter emergency platform and first aid equipment,the emergency aid procedures were optimized,personal warm clothing,a heat preservation box,insulation blanket,self-heating pads and intraosseous rapid infusion system were used to ensure the medical security of astronauts in cold weather at the main landing site.Conclusions With the procedures optimized and the targeted strategies performed,the astronauts' s rescue and medical aid project was fully meet the cold and complex conditions at main landing site.
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Objective To calculate joint torques and muscle forces of astronaut in spacesuit by establishing the biomechanical simulation model of upper limb interaction for human-spacesuit system, so as to assess the risk in extra-vehicular activities. Methods For spacesuit upper limb, the kinematic model of rigid body rotation and hysteresis model of joint resistant torque were built, respectively, to describe the kinematic and dynamic features of spacesuit joints. Kinematic coupling of human and spacesuit upper limb was fulfilled by restricting the displacement between spacesuit elbow and human elbow, and dynamic coupling was fulfilled by using virtual reaction element. An integrated simulation model was established in the framework of inverse sport biomechanics. With this model, the elbow flexion/extension of the astronaut under pressure-suited, unpressured-suited and unsuited condition was simulated for case study. Results The correlation coefficients of predicted muscle activation and iEMG for biceps under the three conditions were 0.86, 0.71 and 0.65, respectively; the corresponding correlation coefficients for triceps were 0.75, 0.61 and 0.60, respectively. The consistency between predicted muscle activations and surface electromyography collected in experiment qualitatively validated the accuracy of this model, and the consistency between human elbow joint torque working on muscles and spacesuit elbow joint resistant torque validated the rationality of the model. Conclusions The established biomechanical simulation model of upper limb interaction for human-spacesuit system can effectively calculate the joint torque and muscle force of astronaut in spacesuit. The simulation and experiment results indicate that joint resistant torque in pressured spacesuit has great influence on human joint torque and muscle workload, which offers methodological support for physical workload and musculoskeletal risk evaluation for astronauts in extra-vehicular activity.
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BACKGROUND: Weightlessness is one of the important reasons to cause lower limb muscle atrophy of the astronauts, which is serious harm to the health of astronauts. OBJECTIVE: To explore the progress of weightlessness that cause lower limb muscle atrophy. METHODS: A computer-based online search of PubMed database and CNKI database was performed to search related articles between May 1981 and March 2013 with the key words of “weightless, weightlessness, muscle, atrophy, space” in English and Chinese, respectively. Literatures related to progress of weightlessness that cause lower limb muscle atrophy were selected; in the same field, the literatures published lately in authoritative journals were preferred. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 409 literatures were primarily selected, and 47 documents were involved for summary according to the inclusion criteria. The progress of weightlessness that cause muscle atrophy is the hot topic among the space medical research. The main reasons that cause weightlessness muscular atrophy include the reduced muscle spindle neurotrophic factor synthesis caused by reduced information transmission of peripheral sensory nerve, damage of muscle cel ultrastructure, substantial decline in mitochondrial myofibrils, troponin decreasing, decreased intracel ular calcium content, and decreased antigravity muscle blood flow in lower limbs.
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Objective To discuss the experience of medical treatment and rescue of the ‘SHENZHOU' astronauts in the landing place in the past 10 years,and to establish more effective mobile ICU in medical helicopters to ensure ‘SHENJIU' astronauts safety.Methods The data collected from foreign nations and our country was reviewed.Formerly experience in first-aid and rescue astronauts of our team was summerized.The important reasons of accidental injuries of astronaut during aerospace flight were listed.More effective and reasonable prophylactic measurements and clinical treatments of the accidental injuries of astronauts were brought forward.Results we established three effective mobile ICU that could ensure the safety of the astronauts.The carriers of the ICU were helicopters,and damage control surgery can be performed there.Fine armature made us more effective.Conclusions Reasonable and effective prophylactic measurements and clinical treatments were the important aspect of the successful manned aerospace flight.The first-aid system in helicopters could realize the destination of swift response and first-aid.
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Objective The present biomechanical model built for extravehicular activities (EVA) of astronaut is lack of human anatomy features, and still there isn’t a reasonable verification method. This study is aimed at solving the problems above and providing references for the further application of EVA simulation. Methods Based on a typical extravehicular activity, an inverse kinematical and dynamical upper limb model with muscle forces was built to conduct simulation calculation. Both the kinematical and dynamical results were verified through OpenGL animation sequence driven by kinematical calculation results and verification experiment with a real model, respectively. Results The animation built for kinematical verification proved that the calculation results were correct. The relative error of two muscle forces between dynamic verification and simulation was 14.54% and 0.91%, respectively. Conclusions A reasonable upper limb model of astronaut is established in this study. The simulation results are credible and the verification Results showed that this feasible method could supports the further research on EVA simulation and verification.
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Objective To discuss the experience of medical care for the assurance of security of the'Shenzhou Ⅶ'astronauts at the landing venue in order to innovate a high efficient mobile ICU in medical helicopters.Method The data collected from over.as and domestics were reviewed and analyzed to find out the possible causes of accidental injuries to astronauts during acmspaec flight,and to pmpose a practicably and effectively prophylactic strategy and reasonable treatments for the astronauts with accidental injuries.Results Three,high efficient mobile ICU innovated could elqsure the safety ofthe astronauts.The ICUs with high efficiency were set up in the helicopters where the surgery Call he peormed for controlling the danlage.Fine armature made our work mole effective.Conclusions Practicably and effectively Plephylactic measurements and reasonable treatments are the essential aspect of the successfulness for the security of astronauts of manned aemspacecraft flights.The innovated medical care system in helicopters could realized the obligation of swift response and the duty offirst-md.
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A set of computer-based psychological state measuring and assessing application system is developed for Chinese astronauts. The system that comprises two computers simulates multiple spaceflight precautionary tasks and measures a series of psychological and physiological indexes, including spontaneous and evoked encephalpotential, of the objects under different psychological stimulation conditions. It can be applied to researching the variation and assessment method of personnel's work performance, physiological and psychological states under different stress conditions, workload level and stimulus given through acoustical, optical and haptical channels, and finding new psychological and ergnomical methods and indexes to assess work performance. It can also be used to promote individual workload endurability and work performance.